Neurocircuitry of Predatory Hunting / 神经科学通报·英文版

Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal kingdom. It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions, including prey search, pursuit, attack, and consumption. This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system. Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting, which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions. More recent studies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethology and neurocircuits underlying this behavior. Here, we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology, including sensory processing, sensorimotor transformation, motivation, and sequential encoding of hunting actions. We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies. We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors, which may shed new light on epidemic disorders, including binge-eating, obesity, and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Resultados sensoriales y motores en pacientes miopes tratados con técnicas de superficies / Sensory and Motor Outcomes in Myopic Patients Treated with Surface Techniques

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados sensoriales y motores poscirugía refractiva con técnicas de superficie (LASEK-MMC o PRK-MMC) en pacientes miopes con o sin astigmatismo asociado. Método: Se realizó estudio experimental controlado aleatorizado abierto, en el cual fueron incluidos 160 pacientes (320 ojos), de ellos tratados con LASEK-MMC (80 pacientes) y con PRK-MMC (80 pacientes), seguidos por 3 meses. Las principales variables evaluadas fueron: edad, tipo de error refractivo, equivalente esférico, ángulo Kappa, anisometropía, estereopsis, punto próximo de convergencia y su anomalía, amplitud de convergencia y de divergencia (cerca y lejos) y magnitud de la desviación del alineamiento ocular. Resultados: El grupo tratado con PRK-MMC tenía edad media de 26,48 años ± 4,47 y equivalente esférico preoperatorio de -3,27 ±1,54 que disminuyó significativamente (p <0,05) a -0,04 ± 0,23 dioptrías (D) a los tres meses de la cirugía. El grupo tratado con LASEK-MMC tenía edad media de 26,31 años ± 4,86 y equivalente esférico preoperatorio de -3,34 ± 1,66 dioptrías (D) que disminuyó significativamente (p <0,05) a -0,06 ± 0,26 D a los tres meses de la cirugía. Además, disminuyó la anisometropía, mejoró la estereopsis y disminuyó la amplitud la amplitud de convergencia y divergencia para lejos. El alineamiento ocular también mejoró. Conclusiones: Las técnicas de superficies para tratar pacientes con miopía o astigmatismo miópico compuesto disminuyen la anisometropía, mejoran la estereopsis y disminuyen la amplitud de convergencia y divergencia para lejos, con mayor proporción de pacientes con ortoforia después de la operación(AU)

Purpose : To evaluate sensory and motor outcomes after refractive surgery with surface techniques (LASEK-MMC or PRK-MMC) in myopic patients with or without associated astigmatism. Methods : An open randomized controlled experimental study was performed, in which 160 patients (320 eyes) were included, treated with LASEK-MMC (80 patients) and with PRK-MMC (80 patients), followed up during 3 months. The main variables evaluated were: age, type of refractive error, spherical equivalent, Kappa angle, anisometropia, stereopsis, near convergence point and its anomaly, convergence and divergence amplitude (near and far) and magnitude of ocular alignment deviation. Results : The group treated with PRK-MMC had an average age of 26.48 years ± 4.47 and preoperative spherical equivalent of -3.27 ± 1.54 which decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to -0.04 ± 0.23 diopters (D) three months after surgery. The LASEK-MMC treated group had an average age of 26.31 years ± 4.86 and preoperative spherical equivalent of -3.34 ± 1.66 diopters (D) which decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to -0.06 ± 0.26 D three months after surgery. In addition, anisometropia decreased, stereopsis improved, Kappa angle increased, and convergence and divergence amplitude (for far) decreased; ocular alignment also improved. Conclusions : Surface techniques to treat patients with myopia or compound myopic astigmatism decrease anisometropia, improve stereopsis, increase Kappa angle, and decrease near point anomaly and convergence and divergence amplitude (for far), with higher proportion of patients with orthophoria postoperatively(AU)

EFFECT OF SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION TRAINING ON BALANCE, NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL AND REACTION TIME IN ELDERLY.

Background: SMT (sensorimotor training) is a form of exercise aiming to decrease the muscle imbalance by maximizing the sensory input coming from three sites in the body where there is a large number of propioception(the foot, sacroiliac joint ,cervical spine).The purpose of study is to check the effect of SMT on neuromuscular control, balance and reaction time using three levels i.e. stable surface , unstable surface and sand in elderly population. Method:The study was an experimental study with a sample size of 30 elderly subjects of age group 60-80 years. They had performed exercises in st three levels 1 in stable then foam then sand. They were assessed using SOT test, test for neuromuscular control and reaction time. Conclusion: The study shows that the sensorimotor training which is given in three levels i.e., in stable surface , foam and sand are effective in improving balance, increasing neuromuscular control and decreasing reaction time in elderly for decreasing risk of fall and improving quality of life in elderly.

The effects of sensorimotor training on the risk of falls in hospitalized elderly patients with schizophrenic / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the intervention effect of sensorimotor training on cognitive function, balance and fall risk of elderly patients with schizophrenia.Methods:The 60 hospitalized elderly schizophrenic patients in Wuxi Mental Health Center were randomly divided into experimental group and control group from June to September 2021, with 30 cases in each group. The control group implemented traditional exercise on the basis of routine nursing. The experimental group received 8-week and 24 times sensorimotor training on the basis of the routine nursing. The Chinese version of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive level of patients, the Modified Morse Fall Scale (MMFS) was used to assess the risk of falls, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used to assess the balance function.Results:After 8 weeks of intervention, the total score of MMSE was (26.72 ± 1.71), higher than the total score of the control group (22.36 ± 1.93), the factor scores of temporal orientation, spatial orientation, recollection, attention and calculation, memory and language ability in the experimental group were (4.90 ± 0.31), (4.72 ± 0.53), (2.86 ± 0.35), (4.66 ± 0.61), (2.83 ± 0.47), (6.76 ± 1.09), higher than scores of the control group (4.36 ± 0.56), (3.93 ± 0.66), (2.57 ± 0.50), (3.64 ± 1.03), (2.18 ± 0.67), (5.68 ± 1.02), and the difference was statistically significant( t values were 2.53-9.06, all P< 0.05). The total score of MMFS in the experimental group was (5.93 ± 1.49), which was lower than that in the control group (8.75 ± 2.30). The difference was statistically significant ( t=-5.51, P<0.01). The total score of BBS in the experimental group was (38.83 ± 1.71), which was higher than that in the control group (30.89 ± 1.93). The difference was statistically significant ( t=16.43, P<0.01). Conclusions:Sensorimotor training can improve the level of balance, cognitive function and reduce the risk of falls in elderly patients with schizophrenia.

Ventromedial Thalamus-Projecting DCN Neurons Modulate Associative Sensorimotor Responses in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) integrate various inputs to the cerebellum and form the final cerebellar outputs critical for associative sensorimotor learning. However, the functional relevance of distinct neuronal subpopulations within the DCN remains poorly understood. Here, we examined a subpopulation of mouse DCN neurons whose axons specifically project to the ventromedial (Vm) thalamus (DCNVm neurons), and found that these neurons represent a specific subset of DCN units whose activity varies with trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC), a classical associative sensorimotor learning task. Upon conditioning, the activity of DCNVm neurons signaled the performance of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Optogenetic activation and inhibition of the DCNVm neurons in well-trained mice amplified and diminished the CRs, respectively. Chemogenetic manipulation of the DCNVm neurons had no effects on non-associative motor coordination. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the DCNVm neurons caused rapid elevated firing activity in the cingulate cortex, a brain area critical for bridging the time gap between sensory stimuli and motor execution during tEBC. Together, our data highlights DCNVm neurons' function and delineates their kinematic parameters that modulate the strength of associative sensorimotor responses.

Research progress on mechanical perturbation in stroke rehabilitation / 生物医学工程学杂志

Sensorimotor disorder can be easily caused by stroke, and there are many targeted movement rehabilitation therapies. With the development of rehabilitation robot technology, robot-assisted therapy combined with mechanical perturbations has become a more effective motor rehabilitation therapy. In this paper, the definition of mechanical perturbation and its physiological mechanism in stroke rehabilitation are introduced, the research progress on mechanical perturbation in the field of stroke rehabilitation therapy is mainly discussed, the application of mechanical perturbation in motor control, postural response and sensory evaluation of stroke rehabilitation is summarized, and the future development direction of mechanical perturbation rehabilitation therapy is also prospected.

Significance of affected side sensorimotor area in recovery of upper limb motor function after subcortical cerebral infarction / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To explore the value and significance of sensorimotor cortex (SMC) in the recovery of upper limb motor function after cerebral infarction in the striatum with blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI).Methods:A total of 17 patients with primary onset of striatal intracapsular infarction (SCI) with unilateral severe upper limb paralysis, who were strictly screened from the Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University from June 2015 to December 2017, were selected as research subjects, and 15 healthy volunteers were selected as controls. BOLD-fMRI under the passive finger extension (FE) task on the hemiplegic side was performed within one week, one month and three months after the onset of the disease. The activation of SMC was observed by SPM8 software. The activation of corresponding brain activation areas in BOLD-fMRI was observed by Xjview software and compared with the standard brain activation areas dynamically. The upper limb section of the Fugl-Meyer Scale (FM-UL) was used to track the motor function of the upper limb. The upper limb motor function of the selected patients was evaluated before functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, at one month and three months after onset of the disease.Results:In the controls, fMRI showed that the main brain activation areas were located in the contralateral SMC and bilateral supplementary motor area. According to the activation time course of the affected side SMC and the comparison results with the standard brain activation area, the study patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (six patients), in which the activation intensity of SMC was stronger than that of standard brain activation area in the early stage of onset; group 2 (five patients), in which the activation intensity of SMC in the affected side was stronger than that in the standard brain activation area at one month after onset; group 3 (six patients), in which the activation intensity of SMC in the affected side increased gradually in three months, but still did not exceed the standard brain activation area. The activated voxel values of the affected side SMC in group 1 patients at the first time, one month and three months were 3 570.2±1 125.9, 1 205.8±328.2 and 1 121.5±407.5, respectively, the difference within the group being statistically significant ( F=12.8, P=0.001); the activated voxel values of the affected SMC in group 2 patients were 556.2±171.7, 648.6±177.3 and 993.2±182.9, respectively, and the differences within the group were statistically significant ( F=6.5, P=0.018); the activated SMC values of the affected SMC in group 3 patients were 520.0±375.9, 573.5±375.0 and 680.9±359.8, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference within the group ( P>0.05). The three times FM-UL scores corresponding to group 1 patients were (10.0±3.3) points, (52.3±4.6) points and (63.7±2.9) points; the three times FM-UL scores corresponding to group 2 patients were (10.6±5.7) points, (36.6±2.4) points and (59.2±3.1) points; and the three times FM-UL scores corresponding to group 3 patients were (9.2±4.0) points, (12.5±3.0) points and (13.3±5.0) points; FM-UL scores in group 1 and group 2 patients showed statistically significant differences within the groups ( F=348.4, 183.6; P<0.001), whereas that in group 3 patients showed no statistically significant difference within the group ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the initial FM-UL score among the groups ( P>0.05), while the differences among the groups at one month and three months were statistically significant ( F=191.7,304.5; P<0.001). Conclusions:The survival of SMC on the affected side after cerebral infarction is a prerequisite for the rehabilitation of limb motor function. Its early activation cannot predict the clinical prognosis, but the dynamic enhancement of SMC activation on the affected side is related to the rehabilitation speed of the affected limb.

Effect of prenatal taurine supplementation on sensorimotor ability and hippocampal synaptophysin expression of juvenile rats with intrauterine growth restriction / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of prenatal taurine supplementation on sensorimotor ability and synaptophysin (Syn) expression in the hippocampus of juvenile rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Methods:The IUGR rat model was induced by food restriction throughout pregnancy.Pregnant rats were randomly divided into normal control group, IUGR group and IUGR+ taurine group.Sensorimotor ability was tested in 2-week-old juvenile rats via grading the tail suspension scores and beam balance test scores, followed by detecting Syn expression in the hippocampus of juvenile rats by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.The correlation between sensorimotor ability scores and Syn expression was assessed.Results:Tail suspension time[(14.62±3.46) s vs.(25.38±5.92) s, P<0.001] and beam balance test scores [(9.08±1.38) scores vs.(12.08±1.16) scores, P<0.001] in the IUGR group were significant lower than those of normal control group.Tail suspension time (22.77±5.16) s and beam balance test scores (11.08±1.38) scores in IUGR+ taurine group were significantly higher than those in IUGR group (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference comparable to those in normal control group ( P>0.05). The average optical density ( A) value [(53.96±2.37)% vs.(61.68±3.07)%, P<0.001] and protein expression of Syn (1.82±0.23 vs.2.23±0.17, P<0.001) in rat hippocampus of IUGR group were all signi-ficantly lower than those in normal control group.The A value [(60.27±2.59)%] and expression of Syn protein (2.07±0.17) in IUGR+ taurine group were significantly higher than those in IUGR group (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference comparable to those in normal control group ( P>0.05). The expression of Syn in rat hippocampus was positively correlated with the tail suspension test time and beam balance test scores (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Prenatal taurine supplementation can improve the sensorimotor ability of juvenile rats with IUGR by upregulating Syn in the hippocampus.

Application of Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Brain Area Activation Research: Dominant and Non-dominant Hand under Active Grasp-release Task / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To apply functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to analyze brain activity pattern of bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and premotor cortex (PMC) during complex dominant and non-dominant hand movement in healthy subjects. Methods:From August to December, 2019, 15 right-handed healthy residents were recruited. The block designed grip-release task was used in the subjects, and detected oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration with fNIRS to analyze the activation of bilateral SMC, PMC and prefontal cortex in term of activation channels and intensity. Results:For the oxyhemoglobin concentration, the number of activated channels was the same in both hemispheres during right (dominant) hand movement, and the activation of left SMC was stronger (P < 0.05); however, more channels were activated in the right hemisphere during left (non-dominant) hand movement, and the activation of right SMC was stronger (P < 0.05). For the deoxyhemoglobin concentration, more channels were activated in the contralateral hemisphere during either dominant or non-dominant hand movement, and the activation of left SMC, Channel 12 (left PMC) and Channel 26 (right PMC) were stronger during right (dominant) hand movement (P < 0.05). Conclusion:It is feasible to use fNIRS to study the activation of hand movement related brain regions during complex movement of dominant and non-dominant hand, especially with the results of oxyhemoglobin concentration.

Research on performance of motor-imagery-based brain-computer interface in different complexity of Chinese character patterns / 生物医学工程学杂志

The traditional paradigm of motor-imagery-based brain-computer interface (BCI) is abstract, which cannot effectively guide users to modulate brain activity, thus limiting the activation degree of the sensorimotor cortex. It was found that the motor imagery task of Chinese characters writing was better accepted by users and helped guide them to modulate their sensorimotor rhythms. However, different Chinese characters have different writing complexity (number of strokes), and the effect of motor imagery tasks of Chinese characters with different writing complexity on the performance of motor-imagery-based BCI is still unclear. In this paper, a total of 12 healthy subjects were recruited for studying the effects of motor imagery tasks of Chinese characters with two different writing complexity (5 and 10 strokes) on the performance of motor-imagery-based BCI. The experimental results showed that, compared with Chinese characters with 5 strokes, motor imagery task of Chinese characters writing with 10 strokes obtained stronger sensorimotor rhythm and better recognition performance (

Auditory-vocal integration impairment: New challenges and opportunities for voice assessment and therapy / Alteración de la integración auditivo-vocal: nuevos retos y oportunidades para la evaluación y la terapia de la voz

This reflection paper addresses the importance of the interaction between voice perception and voice production, emphasizing the processes of auditory-vocal in-tegration that are not yet widely reported in the context of voice clinicians. Given the above, this article seeks to 1) highlight the important link between voice pro-duction and voice perception and 2) consider whether this relationship might be exploited clinically for diagnostic purposes and therapeutic benefit. Existing theories on speech production and its interaction with auditory perception provide context for discussing why the evaluation of auditory-vocal processes could help identify associ-ated origins of dysphonia and inform the clinician around appropriate management strategies. Incorporating auditory-vocal integration assessment through sensorimotor adaptation paradigm testing could prove to be an important addition to voice assess-ment protocols at the clinical level. Further, if future studies can specify the means to manipulate and enhance a person's auditory-vocal integration, the efficiency of voice therapy could be increased, leading to improved quality of life for people with voice disorders

Este artículo de reflexión aborda la importancia de la interacción entre la percepción y la producción de la voz, haciendo hincapié en los procesos de integración auditivo-vocal, los cuales aún no han sido muy divulgados en el contexto de los clínicos de voz. Dado lo anterior, este articulo busca: 1) destacar la importante relación entre la producción y la percepción de la voz y 2) considerar si esta relación pudiese explotarse clínicamente con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Las teorías existentes sobre la producción de la voz y su interacción con la percepción auditiva proporcionan el contexto para discutir por qué la evaluación de los procesos auditivo-vocales podría ayudar a identificar los orígenes asociados a cierto tipo de disfonías e informar al clínico sobre las estrategias de abordaje adecuadas. La incorporación de la evaluación de la integración auditivo-vocal a través de la prueba del paradigma de adaptación sensoriomotora podría ser una importante adición a los protocolos de evaluación de la voz a nivel clínico. Además, si los estudios futuros pueden especificar los medios para manipular y mejorar la integración auditivo-vocal de una persona, la eficacia de la terapia de la voz podría aumentar, lo que llevaría a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con trastornos de la voz

Corpo de Afetos: entre o apego emocional e o movimento dançado / The Body's Affection: between emotional attachment and danced movement

O afeto é experienciado pelo bailarino em um nível energético básico: uma necessidade de respirar - inspirar o mundo no corpo e expirar o corpo no mundo. Neste movimento de afeto, o bailarino experiencia um processo de transformação corporal como necessidade vital. Este estudo confronta a percepção sensório-somática do afeto como força de movimento experienciada pela prática da dança, com o afeto compreendido como vínculo emocional entre indivíduos estudado por um campo da psicologia do desenvolvimento. Atribuindo voz ao conhecimento da dança e usando a teoria de Metáforas Cognitivas de Lakoff e Johnson, procura-se aprofundar a origem do sentido de afeto e compreender como ocorre a sua transferência de sentido entre a dança e a psicologia. Em ambos campos, o afeto revela-se como força de sobrevivência, porém, a dança compreende o afeto no nível pré-pessoal, como força da relação corpo-mundo, enquanto uma parte da psicologia do desenvolvimento entende o afeto no nível de necessidades de um corpo já subjetivado.(AU)

Affect is experienced by the dancer at a basic energetic level: a need to breathe - breathe in the world through the body and breathe out the body into the world. Through this movement of affect the dancer experiences a bodily transformation process as a vital need. This study confronts the sensory-somatic perception of affect as a force of movement experienced by the practice of dance, with the notion of affection taken as an emotional bond between individuals studied by developmental psychology. By giving voice to dance knowledge and by using the theory of Cognitive Metaphors of Lakoff and Johnson, it seeks to deepen the origin of the sense of affection and to understand how its transference of meaning between the dance and psychology occurs. In both fields, affection reveals itself as a survival force. However, dance perceives affection at a pre-personal level, as a force of the body-world relation, whereas developmental psychology perceives affection at a conscious level, i.e. at the level of a body that has already passed through a process of subjectivation.(AU)

Abnormality of insular functional connectivity in uremic restless legs: A resting state functional magnetic resonance study / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the changes of insular functional connectivity in patients with uremic restless legs syndrome (uRLS) using seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis so as to explore the related risk factors for RLS. Methods: 3D high-resolution structural imaging was applied in 29 patients with uremic restless legs (uRLS group) and 29 healthy volunteers (control group) with maintenance hemodialysis. The greymatter volume of the insular cortex was assessed using a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis and functional connectivity of insular variation was evaluated by a seed-based correlation analysis, while the seed was chosen as the significant difference of grey matter volume. Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the significant correlation between functional connectivity and RLS score. The relationship between brain alterations and clinical variables were investigated with Logistic stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: Compared with that in the control group, the area with reduced gray matter volume in the uRLS group was located on the left posterior insula (P<0.05, FWE correction). Taking the left post insular as a seed region, we further found reduced functional connectivity in patients mainly between the insular and primary sensorimotor cortex (S1), supplementary motor areas (SMA), and posterior mid-cingulate gyrus (P<0.05, FDR corrected). In uRLS group, the severity score of RLS was negatively correlated with insular-S1 functional connectivity (P<0.05, FDR corrected), while the hemoglobin level was negetively correlated with functional connectivity degree of insular-S1 (r=-0.449, P=0.015, FDR corrected). Conclusion: The altered morphology of the post insular cortex was revealed in uRLS patients. Abnormal sensorimotor activities in patients with RLS were closely associated with reduced functional connectivity of insular-S1. Low hemoglobin level was the most important risk factor for the abnormal functional connectivity of the brain.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on long-term sensorimotor gating system after sevoflurane anaesthesia in neonatal rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the long-term sensorimotor gating system after sevoflurane anaesthesia in neonatal rats.Methods One hundred forty-four clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 4-6 days,weighing 8-15 g,were divided into 4 groups (n =36 each) using a random number table method:control group (group C),sevofluraue group (group S),dexmedetomidine plus sevoflurane group (group D + S),and dexmedetomidine plus α2 receptor antagonist atipamezole plus sevoflurane group (group D+A+S).In group S,anesthesia was induced with 6％ sevofluraue for 3 min and maintained with 2.1％ sevoflurane,and the anesthesia time was 6 h in total.Dexmedetomidine 25 μg/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group D.In group D +A+ S,dexmedetomidine 25 μg/kg and atipamezole 250 μg/kg were intraperitoneally injected,and the other treatments were similar to those previously described in group S.Twelve rats in each group were randomly selected after anesthesia and sacrificed,and blood samples were collected for determination of serum corticosterone concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Twenty-four rats were randomly selected in each group,and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle test was performed at 70 days after birth.PPI rate (PP3％,PP6％,PP12％) was calculated.The serum corticosterone concentration was measured by restraint stress test on 80 days after birth.Results There was no significant difference in PP6％ or PP12％ among the four groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group C,PP3％ was significantly decreased,and the serum corticosterone concentration was increased after the end of anesthesia and during restraint stress test at 80 days after birth in S and D+A+ S groups (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group D (P＞0.05).Compared with group S,PP3％ was significantly increased,and the serum corticosterone concentration was decreased after the end of anesthesia and during restraint stress test at 80 days after birth in group D (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group D+ A+S (P＞0.05).Compared with group D,PP3％ was significantly decreased,and the serum corticosterone concentration was increased after the end of anesthesia and during restraint stress test at 80 days after birth in group D+A+S (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can alleviate the damage to long-term sensorimotor gating system after sevoflurane anesthesia in neonatal rats,and the mechanism may be related to activating central α2 receptors and improving hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperfunction.

Reliability and validity of Chinese version of sensory-motor function scale during awake craniotomy / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To translate English version of sensory-motor profile awake ( SMP-a) into Chinese version (the Chinese Version of SMP-a),and analyze the reliability and validity of the scale before and after craniotomy under awakening anesthesia. Methods Eighty-one patients whose tumors were located near or already in sensory-motor functional area were included in this study. Before and after awake cranioto-my,the Chinese version of SMP-a was used to accurately assess the sensory-motor function of each patient. Finally, the reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results Cronbach's α coefficient in the Chinese version of SMP-a was 0. 971,and Cronbach's α coefficient in the four subscales of face,hand,leg and sensation was 0. 965,0. 989,0. 981 and 0. 970,respectively. The test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of sensorimotor assessment scale was 0. 910,0. 904,0. 884,0. 898 and 0. 695 (total,face,hands,legs and sensory score respectively). The raters' consistency reliability was above 0. 949,0. 960,0. 934,0. 887 and 0. 660,respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients of sensorimotor function score with SF-36 physiological function factors and KPS score were 0. 868 and 0. 790,respectively. Conclusion Before or after operation,the Chinese version of SMP-a has preferable reliability,internal con-sistency reliability and structural validity. It is feasible in awakening anesthesia craniotomy,and the degree of damage can be determined by repeated measurement of the sensorimotor sites that may be impaired by the patient.

Physiotherapy for Children with CLN2 Disease

Abstract CLN2 disease (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2) is a rare, genetic, paediatric-onset, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder characterised by seizures, ataxia, rapid loss of motor function and language ability, dementia, visual loss and early death. Physiotherapy plays an important role in the management of CLN2 disease, aiming to maintain the best possible functioning and autonomy of the child, support the child's participation in everyday life, limit secondary complications and maintain or improve quality of life. This article discusses the physiotherapeutic treatment of children diagnosed with CLN2 disease. Based on the author's clinical experience, frequent muscular impairments associated with CLN2 disease, their impact on affected children's sensorimotor abilities and autonomy, and physiotherapy interventions are described. Common muscular deficits included abnormal muscle tone leading to poor trunk control, difficulty standing upright, often accompanied by equinus contractures and movement disorders such as myoclonus. The use of orthotic and adaptive medical devices that support an erect posture in locomotion and positioning appear to be particularly beneficial for prolonging sensorimotor control, communication and food intake. In conclusion, early initiation of physiotherapy is recommended and should include the provision of adaptive walking, standing, sitting and positioning aids.

Classification of Imaginary Motor Task from Electroencephalographic Signals: A Comparison of Feature Selection Methods and Classification Algorithms / Clasificación de una Motricidad Imaginaria por medio de Señales Electroencefalográficas: Una Comparación de Métodos de Selección de Características y Algoritmos de Clasificación

Abstract: In this work, a Brain Computer interface able to decode imagery motor task from EEG is presented. The method uses time-frequency representation of the brain signal recorded in different regions of the brain to extract important features. Principal Component Analysis and Sequential Forward Selection methods are compared in their ability to represent the feature set in a compact form, removing at the same time unnecessary information. Finally, two method based on machine learning are implemented for the task of classification. Results show that it is possible to decode the mental activity of the subjects with accuracy above 80%. Furthermore, visualization of the main components extracted from the brain signal allow for physiological insights on the activity that take place in the sensorimotor cortex during execution of imaginary movement of different parts of the body.

Resumen: En este trabajo es presentada una Interfaz Cerebro Computadora que tiene la capacidad de decodificar actividades motrices. El método utiliza representación en el dominio de la frecuencia y el tiempo de las señales del cerebro grabadas en distintas regiones de este mismo, con el fin de extraer características importantes. Los métodos: Análisis de Componentes Principales y Selección Secuencial, son comparados en términos de su capacidad para representar características de la señal de una forma compacta, removiendo de esta forma, información innecesaria. Finalmente, dos métodos basados en aprendizaje de máquinas fueron implementados para la clasificación de actividades motrices utilizando solo las señales cerebrales. Los resultados muestran que es posible decodificar la actividad mental en los sujetos con una precisión superior al 80%. Además, la visualización de las componentes principales extraídas de las señales del cerebro permite un analísis de la actividad que toma lugar en la corteza cerebral sensorimotora durante la ejecución de la imaginación de movimientos de distintas partes del cuerpo.

The effects of paired associative stimulation on sensorimotor function and the expression of MAP-2 and GAP-43 after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfasion / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To observe the effect of paired associative stimulation ( PAS) on the recovery of sensorimotor function and to explore the mechanism in terms of neural plasticity. Methods Ninety male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (Sham group), a model group (Model group) and a paired associative stimulation group ( PAS group) , each of 30. Each group was then subdivided into 7-, 14-and 28-day subgroups with 10 rats in each. A model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was estab-lished using the Longa suture method in the Model and PAS groups. The rats in the Sham group underwent the same surgical procedure except for the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The rats received 30 minutes of paired pe-ripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation comprising 90 pairs at 0.05 Hz beginning 24 h after the occlusion. The impulse wave width of the peripheral nerve stimulation was 200 μs and the intensity was 6 mA. The intensity of the transcranial magnetic stimulation was 120％ of the resting motor threshold. The other two groups weren't given any intervention. Neurological function was tested using Garcia scores on the 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th day after surgery. The rats were then sacrificed and the expression of MAP-2 and GAP-43 in the ischemic penumbra were detected using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results No neurological dysfunction was ob-served in the Sham group at any time. Compared with the Sham group at the same time points, the average Garcia scores of the Model and PAS groups were significantly lower (P≤0.05). However, the average Garcia scores on the 7th, 14th and 28th day were significantly higher in the PAS group compared with the Model group at the same time points ( P≤0.05) . The average Garcia scores of the Model and PAS groups on the 28th day after surgery were significantly higher than those on the 1st day (P≤0.05), but only the PAS group's average Garcia score on the 28th day was significantly higher than that on the 7th day. Compared with the Sham group at the same time points, the expression of MAP-2 and GAP-43 protein in the Model and PAS groups was significantly higher, but with that of the Model group significantly lower than that of the PAS group ( all P≤0.05) . The protein expression of MAP-2 and GAP-43 protein in the PAS group on the 14th day was significantly higher than on the 7th and 28th day ( P≤0.05 for both) . Conclusions PAS can promote the recovery of sensorimotor function after cerebral thrombosis, at least in rats. That may be due to its promoting the expression of the neuroplasticity-associated proteins MAP-2 and GAP-43 in the ischemic penumbra.

The Optimization in Sensorimotor System in Dancers: Evidences from Resting State fMRI / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To explore the functional improvement of dancers' sensorimotor system after years of dance training.Methods Twenty-three dancers(the dance group) of more than 6 years of dancing experience and twenty-one college students (the control group) without any dance experience were recruited in this study.Then the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-fMRI) was conducted for both groups and the data were collected.Regional homogeneity (ReHo),fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC) were compared between the two groups.Results Compared to the control group,significant increase was observed in the ReHo of the bilateral postcentral gyruses,the left superior temporal gyrus,the right precentral gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus and fALFF in the bilateral precentral gyruses of the dance group.Moreover,the connection between the right precentral gyrus and left precentral gyrus and the FC between the right precentral gyrus and bilateral postcentral gyrus enhanced significantly in the dance group compared to the control group.Conclusions The functional modulation of dancers' sensorimotor system may be associated with the long-term dancing experience,which may lead to the changes in action perception,memory processing,motor learning and movement control to enhance the formation of the mode to observe,implement and adjust complex actions.Our study has provided a supporting evidence for dancing-induced brain plasticity.

Diffusion tensor imaging of brain white matter in rats with ischemia reperfusion injury and its behavioral changes / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the cerebral white matter of rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Adult SD rats were randomly divided into two groups,sham operation group and model group.The model of ischemia reperfusion injury was made by the Koizumi suture method to occlude the middle cerebral artery.Application of Zea-Longa score was carried out to determine the establishment of modeling,and the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to evaluate the neurological deficit of rats.The Rotarod test instrument was used to observe the motor function of rats by using Rotarod fatigue balance signs,and the DTI sequence scanning observation of brain white matter nerve fiber damage was determined by using Brook 7.0T small animal magnetic resonance imaging system.Track Vis software was used to analyze the distribution of cerebral white matter nerve fibers,and the relative number of nerve fibers in the areas of ROI (region of interest,ROI),sensorimotor areas and striatum were calculated.Results The results showed varying degrees of neurological impairment in rats 2 h after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,and the Zea-Longa score and the mNSS score were gradually reduced at the 1 d,7 d and 14 d after ischemia reperfusion injury.The time of rats retaining on the rotating rod was shortened at the 7 d and 14 d after ischemia reperfusion injury.At the ischemic lateral,nerve fibers decreased significantly,and the number of sensory nerve fiber connections in the sensorimotor areas to striatum was reduced.Nissl staining showed that the cytoplasm of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex and striatum of the ischemic lateral were disappeared and the Nissl bodies were decreased.Conclusions The nerve fibers of sensory motor cortex connecting to striatum were damaged by ischemia reperfusion injury.